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  1. Theophyllines

    Theophylline is a xanthine (or methylxanthine) used as a bronchodilator indicated for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Theophylline is an adrenoceptor antagonist, acting primarily on the A2A and A2B adrenoceptors. Antagonism of adenosine action at these receptors results in relaxation of the smooth muscle of bronchial airways and pulmonary blood vessels.

    smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 7:41pm

  2. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

    Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes responsible for the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). There are many subtypes of phosphodiesterases and many inhibitors which can be either non-specific, or selective in their inhibitory profile.

    efaccena - 08/03/2016 - 9:19am

  3. Quinolones

    Bacteria replicate DNA via a unique enzyme called DNA gyrase (or topoisomerase II). DNA at the replication fork exist in a positively-supercoiled arrangement and the structure is strained. DNA gyrase nicks one strand of the DNA (say at a supercoiled segment behind) and reseals the strand after it un-coils at the front. This process restores the usual, negatively-supercoiled and stabilised, unstrained state. Another enzyme, topoisomerase IV, acts to untangle the newly replicated DNA.

    efaccena - 29/08/2016 - 9:37am

  4. Drug metabolizing enzymes

    Cytochrome P450 enzymes are the main drug metabolising enzymes (xenobiotic inactivators) in humans, and these are the primary contributors to Phase I oxidative metabolism of drugs and other chemicals.

    efaccena - 08/03/2016 - 9:21am

  5. Positive inotropic drugs: Catecholamines and PDE3 inhibitors

    Positive inotropic agents increase myocardial contractility by increasing the level of calcium in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells or by increasing the sensitivity of the heart to calcium. Positive inotropes are indicated in acute conditions where there is low cardiac output (CO), such as cardiogenic shock following myocardial infarction, acute decompensated heart failure, low CO states after cardiac surgery, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, and cardiomyopathy. In contrast, negative inotropes weaken the force of contraction of the heart

    smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:03am

  6. Asthma

    Asthma affects 300 million people worldwide and is characterized by respiratory symptoms that burden patients and can lead to exacerbations which require medical attention and can be fatal. Common symptoms of asthma include wheezing, chest tightness, cough and shortness of breath. These symptoms are caused by inflammation and hyperreactivity in the airways leading to bronchoconstriction or airway narrowing. There are many triggers for patients with asthma including dust and allergens, pollution, cigarette smoke and even exercise or stress.

    efaccena - 11/03/2019 - 10:52am