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  1. Peptic ulcer disease

    Gastric and duodenal ulcers are subtypes of peptic ulcers. They are characterised by erosion of the epithelial layer of the gastric or duodenal mucosa, which causes upper abdominal pain. Less frequent symptoms include dyspepsia and nausea. Gastro-intestinal perforation and haemorrhage are serious (possibly life-threatening) complications of peptic ulcer disease.

    Two very common causes of peptic ulcer disease, which can occur independently or together, are Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

    efaccena - 06/02/2023 - 2:06pm

  2. Antisecretory drugs

    In the gastrointestinal system, anti-secretory drugs are used to decrease acid secretion in the stomach.

    Drug families include:

    Histamine H2 receptor antagonists are used to treat functional dyspepsia and to promote healing of NSAID-associated ulcers e.g. cimetidine and famotidine.

    smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:01am

  3. Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors

    Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), used clinically to relieve fever and pain, such as those associated with headaches, colds, flu, and arthritis. NSAIDs are available by prescription and over-the-counter (OTC).

    efaccena - 08/03/2016 - 9:19am

  4. NSAIDs for musculoskeletal conditions

    There are about 20 different nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) available. Some, such as aspirin and ibuprofen, are widely available over-the-counter (OTC). Others are only available on prescription. NSAIDs are the most frequently used medicines for symptomatic relief in osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, and are often prescribed to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

    efaccena - 22/07/2016 - 8:25am

  5. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)

    Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD; also known as GERD Gastro-esophageal reflux disease)

    efaccena - 06/02/2023 - 1:40pm

  6. Drug metabolizing enzymes

    Cytochrome P450 enzymes are the main drug metabolising enzymes (xenobiotic inactivators) in humans, and these are the primary contributors to Phase I oxidative metabolism of drugs and other chemicals.

    efaccena - 08/03/2016 - 9:21am

  7. Antimetabolites

    Antimetabolite drugs interfere with the synthesis of the building blocks of DNA (purine and pyrimidine bases or their corresponding nucleosides), disrupting DNA (and for some drugs RNA) synthesis and replication. Most of these drugs are structural analogues of the endogenous molecules or folate cofactors crucial for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. Antimetabolite class drugs principally target the de novo nucleotide synthetic pathways crucial for supplying the large nucleotide pools required by highly proliferating cancer cells.

    efaccena - 16/03/2023 - 2:38pm

  8. Introduction to the dose-response relationship

    When the relation between drug dose (X-axis) and drug response (Y-axis) is plotted on a base 10 logarithmic scale, this produces a sigmoidal dose–response curve (Fig A). This representation is more useful than a linear plot because it expands the dose scale in the region where drug response is changing rapidly and compresses the scale at higher doses where large changes have little effect on response.

    efaccena - 19/11/2015 - 9:43am

  9. Voltage-gated ion channels

    Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) are responsive to changes in the local electrical membrane potential, and are critical for the function of excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. VGICs are ion-selective, with separate channels identified for each of the major physiological ions- Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-. Each type of channel is a multimeric complex of subunits encoded by a number of genes. Subunit combinations vary in different tissues, with each combination having distinctive voltage dependence and cellular localization.

    efaccena - 24/02/2016 - 3:26pm