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  1. Ligand-gated ion channels

    Ligand-gated ion channels (LGICs) mediate passive ion flux driven by the electrochemical gradient for the permeant ions. LGICs are gated by the binding of a specific ligand to an orthosteric site(s) that triggers a conformational change that results in the conducting state, or by binding of endogenous, or exogenous, modulators to allosteric sites. LGICs are responsible for fast synaptic transmission in the nervous system and at the somatic neuromuscular junction.

    efaccena - 24/02/2016 - 3:56pm

  2. Neurotransmitters

    Synaptic transmission relies on local synthesis, and release of neurotransmitter molecules at the synapse, binding of the neurotransmitter to its cognate post-synaptic receptor(s) and inactivation/removal of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic space to terminate the activation.

    efaccena - 29/03/2016 - 1:09pm

  3. Drugs used to manage schizophrenia

    Schizophrenia is a disorder of the mind that is debilitating and chronic. The prevalence of this disorder is about 1% of the population and seems to affect all areas of the globe equally. It is not well understood what causes the disorder.

    efaccena - 20/05/2019 - 1:03pm

  4. Anticonvulsant drugs

    Anticonvulsants drugs can be classified according to their molecular mechanism of action. In general, the most useful mechanisms exploited therapeutically are those that enhance gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) action and inhibit sodium channel activity. Other mechanisms include inhibition of calcium channels and glutamate receptors.

    smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 7:48pm

  5. Dementia

    Dementia is a term that describes a group of symptoms affecting memory, thinking and social abilities. Dementia isn't a specific disease; several diseases can cause dementia. Dementia is amongst the leading causes of death and disability in the global elderly population.

    Vascular dementia is caused by damage to blood vessels in the brain. Blood vessel problems can cause strokes or damage white matter fibers in the brain.

    efaccena - 29/05/2023 - 2:32pm

  6. Dementia drugs

    Acetylcholinesterase inhibiting drugs such as donepezil, galantamine and rivastigmine are used in the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease.

    smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 7:54pm

  7. Insomnia

    Insomnia refers to a sleep disorder marked by persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or experiencing non-restorative sleep, despite adequate opportunity for sleep. It can be categorized as episodic, lasting up to three months, or persistent, lasting more than three months.

    Several neurotransmitters play essential roles in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. The neuronal systems in which neurotransmitters and neuropeptides act to control the sleep–wake cycle lie in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, with connections in the thalamus and cortex.

    efaccena - 26/06/2023 - 9:45am

  8. Depression

    Depression (major depressive disorder) is a mood disorder characterised by low mood which persists for weeks or months and has a significant impact on daily life. It is a common disorder and the WHO estimates that around 5% of adults globally are affected.

    Aetiology

    efaccena - 05/06/2023 - 12:55pm

  9. Epilepsy

    Epilepsy is a common chronic brain disease that is characterised by repeated seizures, and it can occur in individuals of any age. Causes, triggers and symptoms vary widely between individuals.

    The main classification of seizures is:

    efaccena - 13/09/2019 - 9:37am

  10. Voltage-gated ion channels

    Voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) are responsive to changes in the local electrical membrane potential, and are critical for the function of excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells. VGICs are ion-selective, with separate channels identified for each of the major physiological ions- Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-. Each type of channel is a multimeric complex of subunits encoded by a number of genes. Subunit combinations vary in different tissues, with each combination having distinctive voltage dependence and cellular localization.

    efaccena - 24/02/2016 - 3:26pm