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  1. Anti-arrhythmic drugs

    Antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart (cardiac arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.

    Class I antiarrhythmics interfere with sodium channel function, and are subdivided by the effect they have on the action potential (AP)- see figure below

    smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:04am

  2. Ischemic heart disease

    Oxygen demand of the heart dynamically changes, and the coronary artery can adjust its blood flow to fulfill the myocardial oxygen demand (coronary blood flow reserve). Normally, the oxygen supply and the oxygen demand are well balanced in healthy subjects. When the oxygen supply to the heart becomes inadequate for the needs of the heart, myocardial ischemia occurs. That is, ischemic heart disease (IHD) is caused by an imbalance between the oxygen supply (coronary blood flow) and the oxygen demand of the heart.

    efaccena - 13/02/2018 - 10:14am

  3. Arrhythmias

    The normal heart beats regularly at 60–100 beats per min (bpm), which is controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node located in the right atrium. Tachycardia describes a heart that beats more rapidly (>100 bpm). Bradycardia describes a situation where the heart beats more slowly (<60 bpm). Electrical signals generated in the SA node travel through a conduction pathway in the wall of the atria (causing atrial contraction) before reaching and depolarising the AV node.

    efaccena - 15/03/2022 - 12:40pm

  4. Drug metabolizing enzymes

    Cytochrome P450 enzymes are the main drug metabolising enzymes (xenobiotic inactivators) in humans, and these are the primary contributors to Phase I oxidative metabolism of drugs and other chemicals.

    efaccena - 08/03/2016 - 9:21am

  5. Calcium channel blocking drugs

    Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) are prescribed to treat hypertension. These drugs interfere with the inward movement of calcium ions through the slow channels on the membranes of myocardial cells, AV node cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The overall effect is to reduce myocardial contractility, formation and propagation of electrical impulses within the heart, and vascular tone.

    There is a wide variety of CCB medications available to prescribers, including single agent medicines and fixed-dose combination drugs.

    smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:08am

  6. Hypertension

    Elevated blood pressure (BP) is the product of increased cardiac output (CO) and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR). Increased CO may result from increased fluid volume from excess sodium intake or renal sodium retention, stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), or activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Functional constriction or structural hypertrophy of the vasculature increases PVR. Both result from excess stimulation of the RAAS, SNS overactivity, genetic alterations of cell membranes, or endothelial-derived factors.

    efaccena - 06/05/2019 - 1:49pm