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Angiotensin receptor antagonists
Angiotensin receptor antagonists are used to treat hypertension, diabetic nephropathy and congestive heart failure. As a group these drugs are termed 'sartans', and this forms the stem of their non-proprietary names.
smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:07am
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
Angiotensin II (ATII) is a highly potent endogenous vasoconstrictor. It is formed from angiotensin I in the blood by the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).
smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:06am
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Heart failure
Heart failure (HF) is caused by the heart’s inability to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. In response, the body activates compensatory mechanisms, such as the sympathetic nervous system which leads to tachycardia, sodium and water retention, vasoconstriction, and over time, ventricular hypertrophy, all geared towards increasing cardiac output. Leading causes of HF are coronary artery disease and hypertension.
efaccena - 11/03/2019 - 11:56am
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Hypertension
Elevated blood pressure (BP) is the product of increased cardiac output (CO) and peripheral vascular resistance (PVR). Increased CO may result from increased fluid volume from excess sodium intake or renal sodium retention, stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), or activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Functional constriction or structural hypertrophy of the vasculature increases PVR. Both result from excess stimulation of the RAAS, SNS overactivity, genetic alterations of cell membranes, or endothelial-derived factors.
efaccena - 06/05/2019 - 1:49pm
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Cardiovascular peptides
Many vasoactive peptides are implicated in vascular (patho)biology.
efaccena - 07/03/2016 - 2:07pm
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Calcium channel blocking drugs
Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) are prescribed to treat hypertension. These drugs interfere with the inward movement of calcium ions through the slow channels on the membranes of myocardial cells, AV node cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The overall effect is to reduce myocardial contractility, formation and propagation of electrical impulses within the heart, and vascular tone.
There is a wide variety of CCB medications available to prescribers, including single agent medicines and fixed-dose combination drugs.
smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:08am
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An update on non-peptide angiotensin receptor antagonists and related RAAS modulators.
This review article by Aulakh et al. (2007) discusses various angiotensin receptor antagonists.
efaccena - 17/02/2016 - 2:40pm
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General overview of the RAAS system: Cells and hormones
This 15-minute animated, narrated video describes the components and pathways involved with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. The role of the RAAS and its regulation of blood pressure is also discussed. Suitable for beginners.
Author: Rishi Desai, Khan Academy
efaccena - 06/05/2019 - 1:36pm
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Endocrine peptides
Endocrine peptides are the proteinaceous subset of the hormones produced by the glands of the endocrine system. The major endocrine glands include the pineal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, hypothalamus, gastrointestinal tract and adrenal glands. Endocrine hormones regulate a vast array of bodily functions including metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood.
efaccena - 07/03/2016 - 2:09pm
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Peptides
Endogenous peptides and proteins include well characterized families of neuropeptide transmitters, neuropeptide modulators, hormones, and fragments of functional proteins, which are essential in many biological processes. The peptides exert potent biological actions in virtually all systems in the body (see figure for examples).
media - 23/05/2014 - 10:23am