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Positive inotropic drugs: Catecholamines and PDE3 inhibitors
Positive inotropic agents increase myocardial contractility by increasing the level of calcium in the cytoplasm of the muscle cells or by increasing the sensitivity of the heart to calcium. Positive inotropes are indicated in acute conditions where there is low cardiac output (CO), such as cardiogenic shock following myocardial infarction, acute decompensated heart failure, low CO states after cardiac surgery, cardiogenic shock, septic shock, and cardiomyopathy. In contrast, negative inotropes weaken the force of contraction of the heart
smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:03am
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Drugs interacting directly with adrenoceptors
An overview of the receptors of the Sympathetic Nervous system is provided by the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY and further information about the actions associated with these receptors and their potential as therapeutic targets is available here.
efaccena - 22/03/2016 - 10:11am
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Depression
Depression (major depressive disorder) is a mood disorder characterised by low mood which persists for weeks or months and has a significant impact on daily life. It is a common disorder and the WHO estimates that around 5% of adults globally are affected.
Aetiology
efaccena - 05/06/2023 - 12:55pm
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ANS Part II: Receptors, transmitters and drugs
The two principal (or 'classical') small transmitter molecules used by neurons of the motor ANS are acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA).
efaccena - 01/09/2017 - 10:39am
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Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs
Beta blockers, also known as beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents, are pharmaceutical agents that act as competitive antagonists of the β-adrenoceptors, which are activated by the endogenous catecholamines epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), of the sympathetic nervous system.
smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:04am
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Drugs affecting synthesis, storage, release or removal of noradrenaline
Drugs which affect the synthesis or storage of noradrenaline will affect all sympathetic nerves, thereby causing a diverse range of effects. In addition, because there is an overlap in the mechanisms involved in the synthesis, storage, release and removal of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine, drugs which affect noradrenergic neurotransmission will
hbenson - 24/06/2015 - 1:39pm
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anaphylaxis
A severe rapid onset inflammatory reaction that is a medical emergency and requires immediate intervention. Often caused by allergies to insect bites and stings, food allergies and allergies to medications. Epinephrine (adrenaline) is the primary treatment for anaphylaxis.
efaccena - 02/12/2022 - 3:11pm
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The Autonomic Nervous System
This 23 slide Powerpoint presentation is intended to introduce the reader to the function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Specific areas that are covered include: the basic organization of the motor ANS and its components; the sympathetic and parasympathetic outflows from the central nervous system (CNS) to peripheral organs: the basics of neurochemical neurotransmission within the motor ANS including key neurotransmitters and receptor types; important selected activities of the motor ANS and finally some misconceptions regarding the ANS that even the beginner should be aware of.
efaccena - 01/09/2017 - 1:57pm
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Antihistamines (under construction)
The antihistamines recommended for or prescribed to treat allergic reactions, occasional insomnia, motion sickness or vertigo, and nausea and vomiting target histamine H1 receptors on mast cells, smooth muscle, endothelium, and in the brain’s tuberomammillary nucleus (a structure of histamine-releasing neurons in the posterior third of the hypothalamus involved in regulating arousal, learning, memory, sleep and energy balance). Antihistamine drugs act mechanistically as receptor antagonists or inverse agonists.
efaccena - 09/09/2016 - 9:21am
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Corticosteroids
The anti-inflammatory corticosteroids act as glucocorticoid receptor agonists and modulate expression of genes containing the glucocorticoid response element (GRE).
efaccena - 09/09/2016 - 9:44am