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  1. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

    Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes responsible for the inactivation of the intracellular second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). There are many subtypes of phosphodiesterases and many inhibitors which can be either non-specific, or selective in their inhibitory profile.

    efaccena - 08/03/2016 - 9:19am

  2. Antiplatelet drugs

    Antiplatelet drugs are designed to decrease platelet aggregation to inhibit thrombus formation in the arterial circulation. Used to treat patients with cardiac and cerebrovascular conditions.

    They are classified according to their mechanism of action:

    smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:12am

  3. Arrhythmias

    The normal heart beats regularly at 60–100 beats per min (bpm), which is controlled by the sinoatrial (SA) node located in the right atrium. Tachycardia describes a heart that beats more rapidly (>100 bpm). Bradycardia describes a situation where the heart beats more slowly (<60 bpm). Electrical signals generated in the SA node travel through a conduction pathway in the wall of the atria (causing atrial contraction) before reaching and depolarising the AV node.

    efaccena - 15/03/2022 - 12:40pm

  4. ANS Part II: Receptors, transmitters and drugs

    The two principal (or 'classical') small transmitter molecules used by neurons of the motor ANS are acetylcholine (ACh) and noradrenaline (NA).

    efaccena - 01/09/2017 - 10:39am

  5. Neurotransmitters

    Synaptic transmission relies on local synthesis, and release of neurotransmitter molecules at the synapse, binding of the neurotransmitter to its cognate post-synaptic receptor(s) and inactivation/removal of the neurotransmitter from the synaptic space to terminate the activation.

    efaccena - 29/03/2016 - 1:09pm

  6. Theophyllines

    Theophylline is a xanthine (or methylxanthine) used as a bronchodilator indicated for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Theophylline is an adrenoceptor antagonist, acting primarily on the A2A and A2B adrenoceptors. Antagonism of adenosine action at these receptors results in relaxation of the smooth muscle of bronchial airways and pulmonary blood vessels.

    smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 7:41pm

  7. Opthalmic α-Adrenoreceptor Agonists

    For the treatment of glaucoma

    efaccena - 08/02/2017 - 11:47am

  8. Insomnia

    Insomnia refers to a sleep disorder marked by persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or experiencing non-restorative sleep, despite adequate opportunity for sleep. It can be categorized as episodic, lasting up to three months, or persistent, lasting more than three months.

    Several neurotransmitters play essential roles in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. The neuronal systems in which neurotransmitters and neuropeptides act to control the sleep–wake cycle lie in the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, with connections in the thalamus and cortex.

    efaccena - 26/06/2023 - 9:45am

  9. Anti-arrhythmic drugs

    Antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress abnormal rhythms of the heart (cardiac arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation.

    Class I antiarrhythmics interfere with sodium channel function, and are subdivided by the effect they have on the action potential (AP)- see figure below

    smaxwell - 10/10/2014 - 9:04am

  10. Drugs for Glaucoma

    Glaucoma is a condition that involves damage to the optic nerve, often caused by elevated intraocular pressure. Inadequate drainage of aqueous humor within the anterior chamber of the eye places stress on the optic nerve tissue. The resulting nerve damage leads to peripheral vision loss (tunnel vision) and, eventually, total blindness. Drug therapy has shown to be effective in delaying progressive vision loss by decreasing the production or improving the drainage of aqueous humor.  

     

    Glaucoma Medication Classes:

    efaccena - 08/02/2017 - 11:11am